托福閱讀文章內(nèi)容及特點(diǎn)的綜合分析
托福閱讀是托?？荚囍凶顬橹匾膬?nèi)容之一，那么如何在托福閱讀中高效且取得不錯(cuò)的分?jǐn)?shù)呢?小編將為同學(xué)們帶來(lái)托福閱讀文章內(nèi)容及特點(diǎn)的綜合分析，希望能夠幫助到大家!
托福閱讀文章內(nèi)容及特點(diǎn)的綜合分析
1、托福閱讀文章出處以及選材范圍
作為一項(xiàng)語(yǔ)言能力測(cè)試，托?？荚囀强疾榭忌芊窬邆渥銐虻恼Z(yǔ)言交流能力，以期在北美完成正常的學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)和研究工作。因此，其閱讀文章原型大都選自美國(guó)大學(xué)本科生使用的教材，以達(dá)到最佳的模擬測(cè)試效果。文章的選材范圍極其廣泛，涉及有自然科學(xué)包括：天文學(xué)、地質(zhì)學(xué)、生物學(xué)、氣象學(xué)等;人文科學(xué)包括：藝術(shù)美學(xué)、考古學(xué)、語(yǔ)言學(xué)、文學(xué)等;社會(huì)科學(xué)包括：政治學(xué)、經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、教育學(xué)、人類(lèi)學(xué)等交叉學(xué)科。
從選材范圍可見(jiàn)：托福閱讀的文章內(nèi)容對(duì)考生知識(shí)存儲(chǔ)量的廣度有一定的要求，但同時(shí)考慮到考生來(lái)自于不同的專(zhuān)業(yè)，對(duì)于其他學(xué)科往往不具備專(zhuān)業(yè)素質(zhì)，因此為了遵守考試公平性原則，文章均不對(duì)其所述及的學(xué)科做過(guò)多深入的探討。
2、托福閱讀文章類(lèi)型及篇章段落結(jié)構(gòu)
根據(jù)托福閱讀文章的出處及選材范圍，我們可以將這些文章歸為三類(lèi)：說(shuō)明文、議論文、史實(shí)文。三者合一統(tǒng)稱(chēng)為：學(xué)術(shù)性文章。這種類(lèi)型的文章，必須具備說(shuō)理性特質(zhì)，即行文邏輯大都遵循著相對(duì)固定的結(jié)構(gòu)模式。
一句話(huà)：托福文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)有規(guī)律可尋，段落組成有原則可守：
1) 學(xué)術(shù)性文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)：
在學(xué)術(shù)性文章中，一般需要具備三個(gè)組成部分：
(1)Topic 話(huà)題：即文章的主角是什么。比如講解某個(gè)科學(xué)理論、研究某種社會(huì)現(xiàn)象，探討某個(gè)歷史事件;
在托福文章中，這種導(dǎo)入性信息往往出現(xiàn)在篇首位置。考生可以根據(jù)篇首段信息對(duì)整篇文章所要討論的核心內(nèi)容有所了解;
(2)Aspects 方面：即將篇首的話(huà)題延伸拓展為若干個(gè)方面進(jìn)行闡述說(shuō)明。若話(huà)題為某個(gè)科學(xué)論點(diǎn)，則方面可能分為若干個(gè)支持論據(jù);若話(huà)題為某種自然現(xiàn)象，則方面可能分為若干個(gè)內(nèi)外成因;若話(huà)題為某個(gè)歷史事件，則方面為幾段發(fā)展時(shí)期;
在托福文章中，往往依照各個(gè)方面之間的層次關(guān)系，將各個(gè)方面拆分為若干個(gè)獨(dú)立的自然段落，共同組成行文主體;
(3)Attitude態(tài)度：即文章的作者對(duì)于所討論話(huà)題持怎樣的態(tài)度。或是積極肯定，或是消極否定，或是保持中立。
在托福文章中，態(tài)度往往是被較多的淡化甚至有可能省略不提。
Topic話(huà)題 + Aspects方面 + Attitude態(tài)度，這三要素加起來(lái)就是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)學(xué)術(shù)論文體的"T+A+A篇章結(jié)構(gòu)"。托福文章大都遵循這種結(jié)構(gòu)，考生通過(guò)篇首段落信息來(lái)把控整個(gè)文章話(huà)題及大致討論方向，再抓住文章的各個(gè)段落主旨，便可洞悉整個(gè)文章脈絡(luò)和邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)。
2)學(xué)術(shù)性文章的段落結(jié)構(gòu)
學(xué)術(shù)性文章的自然段落，一般需要具備兩個(gè)組成部分：
(1) Topic Sentence 主旨句：表達(dá)段落的主旨，即本段想要表達(dá)的核心內(nèi)容是什么;
(2) Detail 細(xì)節(jié)：為了詳細(xì)說(shuō)明段落中心含義，所羅列的相關(guān)支持內(nèi)容，即本段通過(guò)哪些例證來(lái)闡明主旨句。
Topic Sentence主旨句 + Detail細(xì)節(jié)，這兩個(gè)要素加起來(lái)就是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)學(xué)術(shù)論文體的"TS+D段落結(jié)構(gòu)"。托福文章段落大都遵循這種結(jié)構(gòu)，考生通過(guò)段落主旨句就可以把握該段的中心含義。
總結(jié)：當(dāng)考生們了解了這種TAA篇章結(jié)構(gòu)和TS+D段落結(jié)構(gòu)的行文規(guī)律后，對(duì)文章框架的把握就會(huì)做到心里有數(shù)，更有利于提高閱讀速度和定位有效信息的準(zhǔn)確度。
3、托福閱讀考試的量化指標(biāo)
新托福閱讀考試分為無(wú)閱讀加試和有閱讀加試兩種。
無(wú)閱讀加試的情況下，共有3篇文章，分為兩個(gè)部分，第一部分為獨(dú)立的1篇文章，考試時(shí)間為20分鐘;第二部分為兩篇文章，考試時(shí)間為40分鐘，期間這兩篇文章的考試時(shí)間可以自由分配?？傮w考試時(shí)間為兩部分之和，即60分鐘。
有閱讀加試的情況下，在已有的3篇文章及60分鐘答題時(shí)間的基礎(chǔ)上，再加兩篇文章，并作為一個(gè)部分，共計(jì)40分鐘，加試期間的兩篇文章的考試時(shí)間依然可以自由分配?？傮w考試時(shí)間為三部分之和，即100分鐘。
托福閱讀材料：Mars site may hold ‘buried life’
Researchers have identified rocks that they say could contain the fossilised remains of life on early Mars.
The team made their discovery in the ancient rocks of Nili Fossae.
Their work has revealed that this trench on the dark side of Mars is a "dead ringer" for a region in Australia where some of the earliest evidence of life on Earth has been buried and preserved in mineral form.
They report the findings in the journal Earth and Planetary Science Letters.
The team, led by a scientist from the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence Institute (Seti) in California, believes that the same "hydrothermal" processes that preserved these markers of life on Earth could have taken place on Mars at Nili Fossae.
The rocks there are up to four billion years old, which means they have been around for three-quarters of the history of Mars.
When, in 2008, scientists first discovered carbonate in those rocks the Mars science community reacted with great excitement; carbonate had long been sought as definitive evidence that the Red planet was habitable - that life could have existed there.
托福閱讀真題及答案：10 Questions for 50 Cent
10 Questions for 50 Cent
Introduction專(zhuān)輯介紹
這張不得了，真的了不起。阿姆、瑪麗布萊姬、阿肯、賈斯汀、提姆巴蘭、小野貓主唱妮可、黑眼豆豆主腦will.i.am等一起跪拜屌到爆
嘻哈帝王相，有數(shù)字為證。全球累積銷(xiāo)售逼近2500萬(wàn)張，17張白金唱片銷(xiāo)售認(rèn)證、13座Billboard音樂(lè)獎(jiǎng)、5座世界音樂(lè)獎(jiǎng)、3座MTV音樂(lè)錄像帶大獎(jiǎng)與3座全美音樂(lè)獎(jiǎng)肯定
四首超強(qiáng)音樂(lè)錄像帶全球媒體同步曝光 五角帝國(guó)版圖開(kāi)始勾勒
Vocabulary
debuted n.v.初次登場(chǎng), 開(kāi)張
metaphor n.[修辭]隱喻, 暗喻, 比喻說(shuō)話(huà)
uproar n. 喧囂, 騷動(dòng)
bulletproof adj.防彈的
slangn.俚語(yǔ), 行話(huà) v.用粗話(huà)罵, 用俚語(yǔ)說(shuō)
fragment n.碎片, 斷片, 片段
endorse v.在(票據(jù))背面簽名, 簽注(文件), 認(rèn)可, 簽署
單詞都很簡(jiǎn)單。。速讀
He was born Curtis Jackson, but he made his mark on the rap world performing under his childhood nickname. His third album, Curtis, debuted Sept. 11. 50 Cent will now take your questions
Is it Curtis or 50 Cent? —Maggie Shaw, New York City It’s 50, but the album title is Curtis. It made perfect sense for me to title it Curtis, considering my grandfather is Curtis Sr., his firstborn is Curtis Jr. and I’m his first grandchild, so my mom named me after him. I’m Curtis III, and this is my third album. 50 Cent was a name that kind of stuck. For me, it was a metaphor for change. That’s what made me utilize it when I actually started rapping.
What should we expect from your new album? —Ignacio Meza, Los Angeles
You should expect a lot of surprises. For my last two albums, I isolated myself to working with only members of G-Unit [50 Cent’s original rap group]. On this album I worked with Justin Timberlake, Robin Thicke, Mary J. Blige, Akon, Nicole from the Pussycat Dolls, Dr. Dre and Eminem. I’m in a place where I’m secure enough to have all these other talented people around me because I’ve proven myself, with my first two projects selling over 21 million copies.
Why don’t you do more hard-core stuff like you did on Get Rich or Die Tryin’ [in 2003]? —Raveen Bhasin, Dallas
I take into consideration what the music business is facing with things like the Don Imus situation. I think it would cause a full uproar if I wrote [hard-core] lyrics from that perspective all the way through my album. That’s why I released Curtis instead of my next project, Before I Self Destruct. It’s more of a hard-core sound, and it would be too aggressive for this period.
Is your beef with Kanye [West] for real? —Erika Ramirez, Houston
I said I would retire if his album [Graduation, also released Sept. 11] sold more than mine. I think people would like for it to be a beef. Then it would be really uncomfortable for Kanye, wouldn’t it? I’m already conditioned for those things, but he’d have to adjust. My car’s already bulletproof.
Why do rappers use so much slang that the average 50-year-old can’t understand them? —Gabriel Goldenberg, Montreal
Some audiences have to come to you. You can’t cater to everybody. Kanye West’s record is aimed at a straight pop audience. It may work for him now, but I don’t believe that will exist long. That base has no loyalty at all.
You took a bullet to your face. Has that changed your rapping style? —Ravi Rami, Houston
It changed my voice. I still have a fragment of a bullet inside my tongue. And I have a hole in the back of my mouth. This is the voice that works, though. This is why I believe it happened for a reason. The voice before I got shot was the one that not many people listened to.
You have a home in suburban Connecticut. Why did you move outside the city? —Susan Ashley, Houston
I generate a lot of interest in New York City, so it’s difficult. If I was going to a nightclub or if I was just getting out of the car to go to the store, it’d be difficult. It’s way different here, because it’s a country setting. I don’t even leave my house to go to the store. I send somebody else to do it.
I know you like to work hard and play hard. What’s your favorite place to vacation? —Janelle Robison, Brooklyn, N.Y.
Vacation’s at home. I do so much traveling that when I just stay at home, it feels like I’m on vacation. All you have to do is turn the phone off. The house is big as a country club anyway.
Are you endorsing a particular candidate in the ’08 election? —Haren Para, New York City
No, but I like Hillary. I think she was already our President once. [Laughs].
Any plans for another movie? —Conor Egan, Belmar, N.J.
I’ve got a film called Righteous Kill. It’s myself, Robert De Niro, Al Pacino, Donnie Wahlberg, John Leguizamo. [Laughs]. If you ask me, I’m the next Denzel Washington.
托福閱讀練習(xí):
1.Please translate the blue sentence into Chinese.
Some audiences have to come to you. You can‘t cater to everybody.
2.what is the album title?
3.What‘s his favorite place to vacation? and why?
4.why he said:"My car‘s already bulletproof."?
參考答案及解析:
1.你不得不想到一些聽(tīng)眾。你并不迎合所有的人。
come to sb.(指看法)被某人想出。ie,It suddenly came to her that she had been wrong all along.
2.the album title is Curtis.
3.It is at home,because he do so much traveling that when he just stay at home, it feels like he‘s on vacation.
4.Because he believe that his album sold more than Kanye‘s.
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