托福寫作之論證邏輯-類比和對(duì)比論證
類比和對(duì)比兩種論證方式有什么區(qū)別，在托福寫作中又該如何正確使用t它們，下面一起來(lái)看看吧！
托福寫作之論證邏輯-類比和對(duì)比論證
類比和對(duì)比是英語(yǔ)寫作中非常常見的兩種段落發(fā)展的論證手段，一般涉及到兩個(gè)或若干個(gè)事物之間的比較。這兩種方法有著很大的區(qū)別，類比(compare)重點(diǎn)強(qiáng)調(diào)兩個(gè)事物的相同點(diǎn)，比如A和B的相同點(diǎn)是什么。而對(duì)比(contrast)重點(diǎn)強(qiáng)調(diào)兩個(gè)事物的不同點(diǎn)。在托福寫作中，經(jīng)常會(huì)涉及到兩件事情的比較，找到這兩件事情各自的優(yōu)點(diǎn)和缺點(diǎn)是什么，然后去衡量取舍。
一、段內(nèi)類比可以用到的連接詞
similarly, similar to, as, like, corresponding to, likewise, by the same token, the same is true of , in comparison, 等等。
我們來(lái)看一個(gè)段內(nèi)類比的范文1：
Some of the funniest pieces of literature is actually very close to being tragic, and vice versa. By the same token, try to imagine the face of a clown: One half of his face laughs and the other half cries。
翻譯：一些最滑稽的文學(xué)作品實(shí)際上很接近悲劇，反之亦然。同樣地，想象一下小丑的臉龐：一半臉會(huì)大笑，另一半臉會(huì)大哭。這段文字類比的是：滑稽的文學(xué)作品的特點(diǎn)和小丑的臉的特征，都是悲喜交加。
我們來(lái)看一個(gè)段內(nèi)類比的范文2：
Different pressures will distract people from their concentration. Employees who are exposed to the pressure from colleagues may hardly focus on their daily work. Similarly, students who have to cope with intense peer pressure may have a hard time concentrating on their academic subjects.
翻譯：不同的壓力會(huì)使人們無(wú)法專注于一件事情上。員工面對(duì)來(lái)自同事的壓力，會(huì)很難專心工作。同樣地，面對(duì)同齡同學(xué)的巨大壓力，學(xué)生也很難專心學(xué)術(shù)學(xué)習(xí)。這個(gè)段落比較的是員工的壓力和學(xué)生的壓力都會(huì)導(dǎo)致他們無(wú)法專注一件事情。
二、段內(nèi)對(duì)比可以用到的連接詞
while, however, whereas, in contrast, on the contrary, rather than, instead of, conversely, In sharp contrast, unlike，nevertheless, in opposition to, otherwise, 等等
我們來(lái)看一個(gè)段內(nèi)對(duì)比的范文1：
Taking a wide range of courses offers students more options for their leisure time. Past generations worked longer hours and their relatively short life expectancy did not afford as many people the possibility of a long retirement. In contrast, today a large number of college graduates can expect to enjoy several decades of recreational activities after they stop working. The interests that they develop through exploring various academic fields can be very helpful in making their retirement more enjoyable.
翻譯：上很多門課程為學(xué)生的空閑時(shí)間提供更多的選擇。過(guò)去的人們工作時(shí)間很長(zhǎng)，而他們的壽命相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)較短，所以退休后的空閑時(shí)間就較短。相反，如今，許多大學(xué)畢業(yè)生在退休之后可以享受好幾十年的空閑時(shí)間來(lái)娛樂(lè)。他們通過(guò)學(xué)習(xí)多門課程所培養(yǎng)的興趣對(duì)于他們退休之后來(lái)說(shuō)很有意義。這段文字對(duì)比的是：上很多門課程對(duì)于過(guò)去的學(xué)生和現(xiàn)在學(xué)生的影響不同。對(duì)比來(lái)看，現(xiàn)在的學(xué)生學(xué)多門課程還是有很多好處的。
我們來(lái)看一個(gè)段內(nèi)對(duì)比的范文2：
All of us have had – and will continue to have – difficult experiences and failures. It is up to us to learn from them. One person who loses a job may become depressed, then withdraw, and finally start to blame others for his/her problems. In sharp contrast, another person who does not make excuses for failures may try to identify his/her own weaknesses, choose to go back to school or go to a refresher course, switch to another career path that is better suited to his/her potential, or relocate to a more prosperous area. Even though these two people have had the same failure, they will end up getting vastly different results.
翻譯：我們所有人都有艱難的經(jīng)歷，都經(jīng)歷過(guò)失敗，并且以后還將要經(jīng)歷失敗。我們要靠自己從中學(xué)習(xí)一些知識(shí)。一個(gè)失去工作的人會(huì)變得很消沉，然后就退縮，并把責(zé)任歸咎于他人。形成明顯對(duì)比的是，另一個(gè)人不去找任何借口，試著去找到自己的弱項(xiàng)，繼續(xù)回到學(xué)校或去參加進(jìn)修課程，并轉(zhuǎn)到自己擅長(zhǎng)或更有希望的工作領(lǐng)域當(dāng)中。盡管這兩個(gè)人都經(jīng)歷過(guò)失敗，他們最后的結(jié)果卻截然不同。這個(gè)段落對(duì)比的是兩個(gè)人對(duì)待失敗的態(tài)度和做法不一樣，結(jié)果也不一樣。
一般來(lái)說(shuō)，托福獨(dú)立寫作當(dāng)中的比較級(jí)題目和今夕對(duì)比題都可以用類比或?qū)Ρ日撟C來(lái)展開，當(dāng)然也可以結(jié)合因果論證、舉例論證等其他的論證方式。
托福寫作模板：好同事的特征是什么?
We all work or will work in our jobs with many different kinds of people, in your opinion ,what are some important characteristics of a co-worker (someone you work closely with)?Use reasons and specific example to explain why these characteristics are important.
We spend more time with our co-workers during a week than we do with our family, Thus, it’s important for our co-workers to be people we can get along with. I’ve worked in a lot of offices, and I've found there are certain characteristics that all good co-workers have in common.
A good co-worker is very cooperative, She does her best to get along with others.
She tries to keep her end of things flowing smoothly to help others in the office. She
realizes that if one person doesn't get her work done, it can hold up everyone else. She has a positive attitude that creates a pleasant working environment.
A good co-worker is adaptable. She is not stubborn about changes in schedules or routines, and doesn't object to having her job description revised. That can make life miserable for everyone around her. A good co-worker is willing to change her schedule to accommodate another worker's emergency, She has no problem with new procedures and welcomes changes when they come.
A good co-worker is helpful. She pitches in when someone falls behind in his or her work. She’s willing to do whatever it takes to get the job done. She doesn't keep track of how often she has to finish another's work or take on extra work. Some co-workers do their own job, period. They have no sense of office community. They only want to do their work, get paid and go home.
A good co-worker is a sympathetic listener, and never uses what she learns against people. she doesn’t gossip. A bad co-worker uses negative rumors to take advantage of others.
Being a good co-worker isn't too hard, but some people just can't seem to manage it. Wouldn’t it be a wonderful world if everyone could?
托福寫作模板：你需要老師嗎?
Some people think that they can learn better by themselves than with a teacher. Others think that it is always better to have a teacher. Which do you prefer? Use specific reasons to develop your essay.
Most of us can learn how to do something simple on our own with just a set of instructions. However, to learn about something more complex, it's always best to have a teacher.
Teachers bring with them varied and useful backgrounds. They've been trained to teach individuals in different ways depending on their style. For instance, omen students learn better by discussing a topic. Others learn more by writing about it. Teachers can help students learn in the way that's best of each student. A textbook or a manual can only give you one way of learning something. Plus they're only as helpful as your ability to understand them. A good teacher can adapt her teaching to your needs.
Teachers help you focus on what you're learning. If you're learning something by yourself, it’s easy to become distracted, and go on to other activities. Teachers keep your attention on the subject. They also approach a subject logically, taking it one step at a time. On your own, it's tempting to skip parts of the learning process you think you don’t need. That can binder your ability to really understand the subject.
Learning a subject on your own is a very narrow way of learning. You can only use the information you get from the textbook. With a teacher, you get the information in the written materials as well as the teacher's own knowledge of the topic. Teachers can also provide extra materials to broaden the scope of what you're learning.
There's nothing wrong with studying on your own, and a learner can always benefit from some quiet study. For the best possible learning, though, a good teacher is the biggest help you can have.
托福寫作模板：大學(xué)生應(yīng)該要統(tǒng)一上課嗎?
Some people believe that university students should be required to attend classes. Others believe that going to classes should be optional for students. Which point of view do you agree with? Use specific reasons and details to explain your answer.
Some people may believe that going to classes should be optional, but I disagree. I don't understand how university students can expect to learn anything if they don't attend classes. Personal experience can help people learn about themselves and the world outside the classroom, but when it comes to learning about academic subjects, students need to be in class.
In class they receive the benefit of the teacher's knowledge. The best teachers do more than just go over the material in than class textbook. They draw their students into discussion of the material. They present opposing points of view. They schedule guest speakers to come, give the students additional information, or show documentary films on the subject.
Also, attending classes on any subject teaches more than just facts. It teaches students how to learn, how to absorb information and then apply what they've learned to other situations. Their teacher is the best one to help them with these skills. They can't learn them just by reading the textbook.
Going to class also teaches students how to work with the other members of the class. Many times students will be given group assignments. This is different from what they did in secondary school. Here they're with people from different backgrounds and experiences. In this situation, they learn how to handle working with people different from themselves to achieve a common goal.
Going to class also teaches students responsibility and discipline. Having to be at a particular place at a particular time prepares them for getting a job. Being at a place on time with an assignment completed prepares them for a career.
In short, by going to class students learn more than just information from the teacher. They also learn how to learn, how to work with others, and how to work responsibly. These are not optional skills in life, so attending classes should not be optional in college.
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