托福獨立寫作中常用的11類連接詞匯總
在托福寫作備考的過程中，我們通常都是會比較關注一些詞匯和句型的時候，而在這其中，往往都是會對連接詞有了一些疏忽，而通常這些詞也是我們得分點。那么，在以下內(nèi)容中，我們就整理一下在托福寫作中常用的一些連接詞給大家，希望能為同學們的備考帶來幫助。
托福獨立寫作中常用的11類連接詞匯總
1.增補(Addition) >in addition, furthermore, again, also, besides, moreover, what is more, next, finally.
2.比較(Comparison) >in the same way, likewise, similarly, equally, in comparison, just as
3.對照(contrast) >whereas, in contrast, on the other hand, unlike, on the contrary, while
4.轉(zhuǎn)折性過度 >however, nevertheless, instead
5.因果(Cause and effect) >because, because of, for, since, due to, owing to, thanks to, as a result (of), accordingly, hence, so, thus
6.強調(diào)(Emphasis) >certainly, above all, indeed, of course, surely, actually, as a matter of fact, chiefly, especially, primarily, in particular, undoubtedly, absolutely, most important
7.讓步(Concession) >although, though, after all, in spite of, still, provided, while it is true....
8.例證(Exemplification) >for example, for instance, that is, namely, such as, in other words, in >this case
9.總結(Conclusion) >to sum up, to conclude, in a word, in short, in brief, all in all, in all, in summary
10.推斷(Inference) >therefore, as a result(of), consequently, accordingly, so, otherwise
11.時間和空間(Time and space) >afterward, after, first, later, then, soon, outside, near, beyond, above, >below, on the right(left), in the middle, opposite, in front of
托福寫作練習 如何巧妙使用連詞并做到內(nèi)在論證統(tǒng)一?
一.托福寫作中如何巧妙使用連詞
任何形式的英語文章中都應該具備一定量的連接詞(路標詞)，因為它們是有助于讀者順利閱讀的“導航坐標”;大多數(shù)考生在備考時也的確會準備一系列此類連接詞，用于文章每個段落的段首;包括有表示“第一，第二，第三”等的連接詞。但是單純有段首連接詞還不足以支撐全文的結構，因此考生應該同時準備段中連接詞，包括“比如說，因為，但是，相對比而言”等，粗略估計，全文完成下來可以達到15個以上的路標詞，不僅承接了全文，結構清晰明了，而且也為時間緊張下的寫作減輕了不少字數(shù)壓力。以下為常用連接詞：
第一：in the first place/ first and foremost/ to start with/ to begin with/ first of all/ first/ firstly
第二：in the second place/ secondly and equal importantly/ to continue/ second/ secondly
第三：in the third place/ last but not least/ third/ thirdly
一方面、另一方面：on one hand/ on the other hand; for one thing/ for another
表原因：because/ because of/ since/ due to/ as/ thanks to/ for/ owing to
表結果：so/ therefore/ as a result/ consequently/ as a consequence
表舉例：for example/ for instance/ such as/ take…as an example/ to illustrate
表承接：besides/ furthermore/ moreover/ what’s more/ in addition/ additionally
表轉(zhuǎn)折：but/ while/ however/ nevertheless/ nonetheless
表比較對比: to compare with/ compared with/ in comparison with/ by contrast/ on the contrary
當然，僅僅依靠連接詞是不足以表明全文的連貫性的，適當?shù)奶砑舆^渡句也是很好的承接手段，如Official Guide To The New TOEFL P263中有一篇關于DISHONESTY KILLS RELIABILITY 的5分范文中就有出現(xiàn)多處明顯的段落過渡句，如第三段首“After stating that everyone’s opinion can be different about this, for me honesty, in other words, always telling…”用來承接上下兩段，以引出自己的觀點看法;第五段首“Although I would like to see altruistic, understanding, thoughtful and loyal behavior from people, an instance of the opposite…”等都明顯具備良好的過渡功能，讓全文更加流暢舒服，朗朗上口。
二.托福寫作練習如何做到文章內(nèi)所有論證統(tǒng)一
Official Guide To The New TOEFL這一官方指南中也明確在寫作部分提到“但要知道，僅僅使用第一，第二這樣的連接詞并不能保證作文結構的嚴謹，還要注意讓所有的觀點與文章的主題相關，緊扣中心思想。換句話說，作文要有統(tǒng)一性，評分原則中提到的統(tǒng)一性，漸進性和連貫性這些都是評估作文結構是否嚴謹，讀者能否比較容易地跟上作者思路的標準。”通過上段敘述，我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)作文論證統(tǒng)一性的重要性。
而事實上這也正是被許多考生所忽略的問題。在拿到試題后，考生們不是先騰出時間構思結構框架，而是急著抓住哪怕是一分鐘的時間動筆寫作，其實如此的選擇是要不得的，朗閣海外考試研究中心強烈建議各位考生在考試時不要舍不得這準備的時間，正所謂“磨刀不誤砍柴功”;因為只有當你事先構思好而不是邊想邊寫，你才能真正做到論證內(nèi)容的一致性，觀點與論據(jù)的統(tǒng)一性，也才能真正取得高分。另外，用最直白的作答應對題目的提問，用單邊的手段安排整篇文章成5段的總分總思路是十分適用的。
托福寫作經(jīng)典搭配梳理
1.NOT ONLY...BUT ALSO
例句：It is undeniable that by taking a major-related part-job, students can not merely improve their academic studies, but also gain much experience, which they will never be able to get from the textbooks.
[參考翻譯]:不可否認的是學生通過做一份和專業(yè)相關的工作不僅能夠提高他們的專業(yè)能力，而且能獲得從課本上得不到的經(jīng)驗。
2.BUT ...AS WELL
To most people, education means schools. But education has many other sources as well the home, museums, television, advertising, newspapers, and magazines.
[參考翻譯]:對大多數(shù)人來說，教育意味著學校。但是教育還有其他的渠道，如家庭、娛樂場所、電視、廣告、報紙、雜志等。
We are frequently advised to keep physically active as we age, but older people need to keep mentally active as well.
[參考翻譯]:我們經(jīng)常聽到這樣的建議：人老了，要保持體育活動。但老年人還需要保持大腦活動。
3.AS MUCH... AS
例句：Many old people like to spend mornings in parks. They go there as muchfor companionship as for physical exercise.
[參考翻譯]:許多老人喜歡早晨到公園去。他們到那里去既是為了鍛煉，也是為了交友談心。
例句: The success of the government’s anti-inflation efforts will depend as much on strong political will as on wise economic policy.
[參考翻譯]:政府反通貨膨脹的努力的成功既有賴于明智的經(jīng)濟政策，也有賴于政治上的堅決意志。
4.NO LESS(...) THAN
例句：As regards our foreign policy, it is no less our interest than our duty to maintain the most friendly relations with other countries.
[參考翻譯]:關于我們的對外政策，維持和其他國家的友好關系，既是我們的義務，也同樣是我們的利益。
例句：Printing does as much harm as good, since it gives us bad books as well as good ones, and propagates falsehood and error less than knowledge and truth.
[參考翻譯]:印刷給我們帶來好處，也帶來壞處，因為它出版了好書，也出版了壞書，宣傳了真理和知識，也散布了謬誤和錯誤。
5. AS WELL AS
例句：Businessmen should be honest, because, for the most part, businessmen are leaders of the larger community as -well as of their own enterprises.
[參考翻譯]:商人應該誠實，因為就大多數(shù)人來說，他們既是自己企業(yè)的領導人，又是較大社區(qū)的領導人。
例句：We should keep optimistic, for there is a great opportunity as -well as great danger in the present crisis, as the Chinese word“crisis” suggests which is a combination of two meanings: danger and opportunity.
[參考翻譯]:我們應該保持樂觀，因為在目前的危機中，既存在危險，又存在很大的機會。正如中文‘危機”這個詞組所隱含的意思，它是由危險和機會兩個意思所組成的。
6.BOTH...AND
What is taught, these faculties argue, is both critical and problem-solving modes of thought, as well as a close familiarity with at least one field.
這些教師認為，學校教授的應既是批評性的又是解決問題性的思維模式，以及至少非常熟悉一個領域里的知識。
7.DO MORE THAN +V
Colleges and universities across the nation have decided to do more than talkabout the rise in student cheating.
[參考翻譯]:全國各地的大學已決定不僅僅只空談學生考試作弊愈益嚴重的情況。
Led by a self-confident America 9 the Europeans did more than merely follow.
[參考翻譯]:在充滿自信的美國領導下，歐洲國家不僅僅是亦步亦趨。
8. A MIXTURE OF/BETWEEN...AND
It was not difficult to understand that most white people
act towards the black with a mixture of sympathy and disgust.
[參考翻譯]:要理解大多數(shù)白人為什么對待黑人的態(tài)度既同情又仇視是不很難的。
Organized sports have become a mixture of patriotism and national pride on the one hand with the national religion and symbols on the other.
[參考翻譯]:一方面競技體育既激起了愛國主義精神又激起了民族自豪，另一方面又成為國家宗教和國家的象征。
9.AT ONCE...AND
Sports accurately reflects American society, its frustrations, its fantasies, its cultural values. The arena is at once apart from and a part of everyday life.
[參考翻譯]:體育確切地反映了美國社會，她的失意，她的想象，她的文化價值。競技場既遠離日常生活，又是日常生活的一部分。
This course will provide the student with an opportunity for learning to be at once more fanciful and more decisive.
[參考翻譯]:這個課程將給學生機會，學習如何做到既更富有幻想，又更果斷。
3種常用托福寫作句型 讓你的托福獨立寫作拿高分
第一種托福寫作實用句型：大家熟知但是卻不愛用的there be句型
說熟知是絕大部分同學或多或少寫過，說不愛用，就得提提老給我們使絆的“Chinglish思維方式了”。There be的句型在寫作中極容易犯錯，比如：明天將會有很多重大新聞。
有的同學想都不想的造句：Tomorrow will have many significant news. 這樣的句型就屬于是較嚴重的語法錯誤了，tomorrow能發(fā)出have這個動作嗎?肯定是不能的，所以主語并不是tomorrow。這里很明顯沒有可以發(fā)出“有”這個動作的主語，所以正確答案應該是：There will be many significant news tomorrow. Tomorrow 是典型的時間狀語，所以以后在there be的寫作中要注意可能出現(xiàn)的狀語和主語的混淆錯誤。
第二種托福寫作實用句型：動名詞做主語
動詞一般不可以在句首做主語，但是如果把動詞加上ing，它就會變成“動名詞”，那么這個主語就是“名正言順”的了。語法書中定義：“動名詞，即是兼有名詞和動詞特征的非限定性動詞，可以做主語、定語、表語和賓語等?！?/p>
所以上面的二個句子這樣翻譯最合適：
1. 讀書是一門藝術：Reading is an art.
2. 販賣毒品是犯法的：Selling drugs is illegal.
大家可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，動名詞做主語的句子所包含的意思真的不是針對哪一個或哪一類人，暗指的對象應該是整個大眾，所以，使用動名詞開頭的句型不僅像是在說理，而且還更加客觀、科學，是書面語的標志。
第三種托福寫作實用句型：代詞做主語
第三種句型還是適用在找不到主語的情況下， 但是情況要顯得更加復雜一些。
例：“現(xiàn)在對于很多老師來說處理學生的在校不恰當行為并不是那么容易?！?/p>
句子看上去似乎很復雜，學生可能需要想很久、慢慢理清楚詞與詞之間的關系。其實，這時候有種很簡單的方法就可以輕松地解決問題。如果在翻譯一個腦海中出現(xiàn)的中文句子，注意到句子里有形容詞的話基本上至少可以用這個句型來處理：“It is + 形容詞+ for somebody to do sth.”
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托福獨立寫作中常用的11類連接詞匯總
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